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Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread.

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.

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Types

The major types of cancer are carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. Carcinomas — the most commonly diagnosed cancers — originate in the skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands. Lymphomas are cancers of lymphocytes. Leukemia is cancer of the blood. It does not usually form solid tumors. Sarcomas arise in bone, muscle, fat, bloodvessels, cartilage, or other soft or connective tissues of the body. They are relatively uncommon. Melanomas are cancers that arise in the cells that make the pigment in skin.

Diagnosis

Cancer diagnosis begins with a thorough physical exam and a complete medical history. Laboratory studies of blood, urine, and stool can detect abnormalities that may indicate cancer. When a tumor is suspected, imaging tests such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and fiber-optic endoscopy examinations help doctors determine the cancer’s location and size. To confirm the diagnosis of most cancers , a biopsy needs to be performed in which a tissue sample is removed from the suspected tumor and studied under a microscope to check for cancer cells.

Treatment

Primary treatment. The goal of a primary treatment is to completely remove the cancer from your body or kill all the cancer cells.
Any cancer treatment can be used as a primary treatment, but the most common primary cancer treatment for the most common types of cancer is surgery. If your cancer is particularly sensitive to radiation therapy or chemotherapy, you may receive one of those therapies as your primary treatment.
Adjuvant treatment. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to kill any cancer cells that may remain after primary treatment in order to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur.
Any cancer treatment can be used as an adjuvant therapy. Common adjuvant therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormone therapy.
Neoadjuvant therapy is similar, but treatments are used before the primary treatment in order to make the primary treatment easier or more effective.
Palliative treatment. Palliative treatments may help relieve side effects of treatment or signs and symptoms caused by cancer itself. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy can all be used to relieve symptoms. Other medications may relieve symptoms such as pain and shortness of breath.
Palliative treatment can be used at the same time as other treatments intended to cure your cancer.

What you can expect

Many cancer treatments are available. Your treatment options will depend on several factors, such as the type and stage of your cancer, your general health, and your preferences. Together you and your doctor can weigh the benefits and risks of each cancer treatment to determine which is best for you.

Cancer treatment options include:

Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
how does radiation therapy work. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).
Bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor.
A bone marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your body’s immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn’t recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune system “see” the cancer and attack it.
Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body’s hormones. Examples include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to survive.

Cryoablation. This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a thin, wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous tumor. A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is allowed to thaw.

The freezing and thawing process is repeated several times during the same treatment session in order to kill the cancer cells.
Radiofrequency ablation. This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells, causing them to die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle through the skin or through an incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy passes through the needle and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby cells.

Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs. But it is different from traditional chemotherapy, which also uses drugs to treat cancer. Targeted therapy works by targeting the cancer’s specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that contributes to cancer growth and survival.
New cancer drugs are continuously being researched till date. Some even tend to go for Ayurveda to ease out the harsh treatment that are mentioned above. New causes of cancer are still being found and the list is getting longer.
Many new cancer treatment centers are opened day and the effort to reduce the cost of such treatments are being undertake by all the countries and health organisations around the world.
which cancer has the lowest survival rate?

Type	Five year survival rate	Ten year survival rate (If available)
All Cancers	70.1%	52%
Oral cancer	60%	50%
Lip cancer	91%	89%
Hypopharynx cancer	33%	18%
Heart cancer	10%	1%
Esophageal cancer	19%	15%
Stomach cancer	30.6%	28%
Small intestine cancer	67.5%	63%
Colorectal cancer	64.9%	59%
Liver and bile duct cancer	22%	17%
Gallbladder cancer	18.2%	9%
Pancreatic cancer (all types)	8.2%	2.2%
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor	61%	50%
Laryngeal cancer	60.7%	60%
Lung cancer (all types)	18.1%	7%
Mesothelioma	9%	3%
Tracheal (Windpipe) cancer	52.9%	50%
Bone cancer (all types)	67.7%	56%
Soft tissue, not otherwise specified	64.4%	62%
Skin cancer (excluding basal and squamous)	91.7%	90%
Breast cancer	89.7%	81%
Breast cancer in situ	100%	100%^A
Uterine cancer	29.8%-82.7%	74%
Ovarian cancer	46.5%	42%
Cervical cancer	67.1%	61%
Prostate cancer	98.6%	91%
Testicular cancer	95.1%	87%
Bladder cancer	77.3%	71%
Appendix cancer	88%	81%
Renal cancer	74.1%	69%
Ocular cancer	82.7%	79.7%
Brain cancer	33%	12%
Glioblastoma	19%	5% ^[3]
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (brain stem)	<1%	0%
Myeloma (plasma blood cell cancer)	49.9%	18%
Non lymphoma lymph node cancer	48%	39%
Hodgkin’s lymphoma	86.4%	76%
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	71%	52%
Thyroid cancer	98.2%	94.6%
Leukemia, acute lymphocytic	68.2%	51%
Leukemia, acute myelomonocytic	24%	9%
Leukemia, chronic lymphocytic	83.2%	69%
Leukemia, chronic myeloid	66.9%	50%